Endurance Time (ET) method is a dynamic analysis procedure in which increasing excitations are imposed on structures; these excitations are known as Endurance Time Excitation functions (ETEF). This study presents a method to determine an optimal Objective function for simulating ETEFs including unconstrained optimization problems. In optimization problems, equations are defined in terms of an Objective function. In the problem of simulating ETEFs, the Objective function can be defined in many different ways regarding the considered intensity measures and respective weighting factors. In addition, the type of calculating residuals (absolute way or relative way) diversifies the Objective function definitions. The proposed method for determining the optimal Objective function includes quantifying the accuracy of ETEFs in a scalar quantity regardless of their Objective functions and introducing an approach to attenuate the dependence of results on the initial points of optimizations. The proposed method is applied, and results are then presented. It is observed that considering only acceleration spectra and calculating residuals in a relative way lead to more accurate ETEFs.

Fuzzy linear programming problems can be used to model a wide variety of practical applications in which all or some decision parameters are stated in an imprecise fashion. These problems have been investigated and expanded by many researchers from various points of view. In this paper, we study a class of in finite-dimensional linear programming problems, so-called separated continuous linear programs with a fuzzy valued Objective function. For this class of problem, we develop a strong duality result and present an approximation algorithm. The basic idea is to use the discretization technique to establish a relationship between the problem and an ordinary fuzzy linear programming problem.

Software evolution and continuous changes make maintenance difficult, reducing the quality of software structure and architecture. To cope with this challenge, re-modularization is used to promote the modular structure of software system by the re-grouping of software elements. In this paper, the proposed method recognizes various dependencies in terms of an Objective function unlike what has been stated in some other methods. In this method, a search-based many-Objective fitness function is proposed to formulate re-modularization as an optimization problem. The results of the proposed method have been compared to the effects of four other methods based on MQ and NED. The results show the proposed method improved re-modularization remarkably compared to others in terms of both MQ and NED criteria especially for smaller software. Therefore, the proposed method can be effective in redefining real-world applications.

The ultimate goal of monetary policy in Islamic economics is the most important component of the theory of monetary policy, because it governs all the principles, rules and policy tools. These goals must, in addition to being consistent and coherent in their internal and interrelationship, be in line with the ultimate goals of the Islamic economic system. In this research, based on theoretical foundations of monetary policy and the teachings of Islamic economics and explaining the main functions of money in an economy based on the theory of exchange, the expansion of Islamic monetary policy theory in the field of ultimate goals was addressed and three goals of inflation control, guidance and appropriation Money and the stabilization of the real sector in the economy were extracted and introduced as the ultimate goal of monetary policy in Islamic economics. In equilibrium, the full realization of all three ultimate ends may be because there is no theoretical conflict between the three goals, and the approach of these goals is to stabilize, balance, and create the context and the basis for economic growth. At the same time, due to special circumstances or imbalances in the economy, it may come from the realization of another goal and another purpose of interpenetration or deflection, in which case the position of a monetary policeman should be based on the criteria of preferential interest in the important and the criteria: circle The impact of politics on the general public, the degree and degree of policy impact, permanent (long-term) or temporary (short-term) policy and the positive or positive nature of the policy in question.

Smart grids are complex, nonlinear and uncertain systems. Smart grids may consist of one or more cost functions, in which their optimal values have to be obtained. Moreover. In these systems the optimal condition has to be find with small computation burden, high accuracy, and relatively fast in real time. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to find the minimum value of the total cost for the energy consumption in smart grids, in which the total cost is considered as uncertain Objective function. The advantages of this technique are its stability, fast convergence, insensitivity with respect to initial condition and real time implementation. Some simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the Objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of Objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general Objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of Objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of Objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific